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Post-transcriptional regulation in eukaryotic cells involves the processing of pre-mRNA into mature mRNA, affecting gene expression. Key elements include the 5' cap, 3' polyadenylated tail, and splicing. The 3'-UTRs and miRNAs play crucial roles in mRNA stability and translation, with miRNA dysregulation linked to diseases like cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Understanding mRNA translation control is vital for cellular homeostasis.
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Pre-mRNA is processed into mature mRNA through the addition of a 5' cap and a 3' polyadenylated tail, as well as the removal of non-coding sequences through splicing
RNA-binding proteins and non-coding RNAs
RNA-binding proteins and non-coding RNAs play a role in regulating the stability, localization, and efficiency of translation of mature mRNA
Export of mRNA from nucleus to cytoplasm
The export of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is a critical step in post-transcriptional regulation
Selective sequestration or degradation of mRNA
Selective sequestration or degradation of mRNA molecules ensures appropriate levels of protein synthesis in response to cellular signals
The non-coding 3'-UTRs of mRNAs serve as binding sites for microRNAs and RNA-binding proteins, influencing mRNA stability and translational efficiency
MicroRNAs regulate gene expression by binding to complementary sequences on target mRNAs, leading to translational repression or mRNA degradation
Each microRNA has the potential to target multiple mRNAs, allowing for a broad influence on cellular protein levels
Dysregulation of microRNA expression and function has been linked to the development and progression of various human diseases, including cancer and neuropsychiatric disorders
The translation of mRNA into proteins is tightly regulated during the initiation phase through the interplay of mRNA structure, RNA-binding proteins, and translation initiation factors
Environmental factors, such as nutrient availability and stress conditions, can induce changes in translational regulation, modulating protein synthesis in response to cellular needs and environmental cues
Translational regulation is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis and ensuring precise temporal and spatial expression of proteins
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Purpose of 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail in mRNA
5' cap protects mRNA from degradation, aids in export from nucleus and initiation of translation; 3' poly-A tail also protects mRNA and assists in export and translation.
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Role of RNA-binding proteins in mRNA regulation
RNA-binding proteins control mRNA stability, localization, and translation efficiency by binding to specific sequences or structures.
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Function of non-coding RNAs in post-transcriptional regulation
Non-coding RNAs regulate mRNA by base-pairing with it, affecting its stability, translation, and sometimes leading to silencing.
