Definition of Scientific Paradigms

Scientific paradigms are comprehensive frameworks that guide research within a particular field

Role of Paradigms in Scientific Research

Determining Valid Scientific Problems

Paradigms dictate what problems are considered valid for scientific investigation

Guiding Scientific Methodologies

Paradigms determine the approach to investigating scientific problems

Paradigm Shifts

Paradigm shifts occur when anomalies arise that the current paradigm cannot explain, leading to a scientific revolution

Incommensurability of Paradigms

Paradigms pre- and post-shift are so distinct that they cannot be measured against each other using a common standard

Difficulties in Communication between Paradigms

Scientists operating within different paradigms face challenges in communication due to the use of specialized terminology and concepts

Subjectivity in Choosing Paradigms

The choice between paradigms often involves subjective factors and the persuasive power of the new theory

Definition of Exemplars

Exemplars are well-established scientific problems and their solutions that act as standard models for problem-solving within a paradigm

Importance of Exemplars in "Normal Science"

Exemplars are central to "normal science," the phase of research that focuses on refining and expanding the existing paradigm

Evolution of Exemplars

Over time, the collection of exemplars evolves to reflect advancements in knowledge and the essential methodologies for training future scientists

Challenging Linear Progression of Scientific Knowledge

Kuhn proposes that scientific progress involves a series of paradigm shifts interspersed with periods of "normal science."

Criteria for Accepting a New Paradigm

A new paradigm must address the shortcomings of the old one and retain problem-solving capabilities to be accepted

Emphasizing Continuity in Scientific Progress

Kuhn emphasizes the importance of continuity in scientific progress and the ability of new paradigms to resolve existing puzzles