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The French Revolution of 1848

Explore the reigns of Charles X and Louis Philippe, which set the stage for the 1848 French Revolution. Charles X's conservative policies and the July Ordinances led to his downfall, while Louis Philippe's 'Bourgeois Monarchy' faced criticism and social unrest. Economic hardships and the Banquet Campaign ignited the revolution, ending the July Monarchy and birthing the Second Republic.

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1

In ______ after his brother's demise, ______ from the House of Bourbon became the King of France.

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1824 Charles X

2

Charles X's reign saw conflicts with the liberal ______, culminating in the issuance of the ______ ______ in 1830.

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Chamber of Deputies July Ordinances

3

Louis Philippe I's ascent to power year

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1830, became king as a compromise between royalists and liberals

4

Nickname of Louis Philippe I's reign

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Bourgeois Monarchy, favored middle/upper classes and financial/industrial elites

5

Trigger for 1848 French calls for reform

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Restrictive electoral laws, limited suffrage, demand for wider voting rights and social reform

6

Critics like ______ Blanc and ______-Joseph Proudhon called for reforms and questioned existing property laws.

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Louis Pierre

7

Economic struggles, political issues, and social problems in the ______ Monarchy culminated in the 1848 revolution.

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July

8

Campagne des banquets start date

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Began in July 1847 as legal protest against Louis Philippe's policies.

9

Outcome of the 1848 Revolution

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Louis Philippe abdicated; Second French Republic proclaimed.

10

Role of Friedrich Engels in banquets

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Engels was an international observer attending the reform discussions.

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The Rise and Fall of Charles X

Charles X, a member of the House of Bourbon, ascended to the French throne in 1824 after the death of his brother, Louis XVIII. He was a staunch conservative who believed in the divine right of kings and sought to restore the absolute power of the monarchy, which was limited by the Charter of 1814. His reign was marked by increasing tension with the liberal Chamber of Deputies. In a controversial move, Charles X issued the July Ordinances in 1830, which dissolved the Chamber, restricted the press, and altered the electoral laws to favor the aristocracy. This autocratic step sparked the July Revolution, also known as the Three Glorious Days, leading to his abdication and the end of the Bourbon Restoration. Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans, was then proclaimed "King of the French," beginning the July Monarchy under the more liberal Charter of 1830.
19th century Parisian street scene during the July Monarchy, with people near a barricade and typical buildings in the background.

The Reign of Louis Philippe and the Rise of the July Monarchy

Louis Philippe I, ascending to the throne in 1830, was seen as a compromise figure who could bridge the gap between the conservative royalists and the liberal bourgeoisie. His rule, often referred to as the "Bourgeois Monarchy," was characterized by a focus on the interests of the middle and upper classes, particularly the financial and industrial elites. Despite his initial popularity, Louis Philippe's reign was increasingly criticized for its narrow electoral base and perceived neglect of the working classes. Political opposition grew from both the Legitimist supporters of the old monarchy and the Republicans who sought a more democratic government. The restrictive electoral laws of the period meant that by 1848, only a small fraction of the French population had the right to vote, leading to calls for broader suffrage and social reform.

Economic Hardships and Social Unrest During the July Monarchy

The July Monarchy, while initially enjoying economic prosperity, was later beset by a series of economic downturns, including the severe financial crisis of 1846-1847. This crisis led to widespread unemployment and hardship, particularly among the rural and urban working classes. The inadequate development of infrastructure, such as the railway network, further hindered economic growth and the distribution of goods. Social critics and political economists like Louis Blanc and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon became vocal about the plight of the workers, advocating for social reforms such as the right to work and challenging the prevailing notions of property and capital. The combination of economic distress, political disenfranchisement, and social grievances set the stage for the revolutionary upheaval of 1848.

The Banquet Campaign and the Spark of the 1848 Revolution

In the lead-up to the 1848 Revolution, political opposition to Louis Philippe's regime found a voice through the Campagne des banquets, a series of political banquets that served as a legal form of protest against the government's policies. These gatherings, which began in July 1847, provided a platform for speeches and discussions on reform and were attended by a cross-section of liberal and radical thinkers, including international observers like Friedrich Engels. The government's attempt to clamp down on these events by banning a major banquet in Paris in February 1848 backfired, as the ban prompted a mass protest that quickly escalated into a full-blown revolution. This uprising led to the abdication of Louis Philippe and the proclamation of the Second French Republic, ushering in a new era of political and social experimentation.