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The French Revolution

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The French Revolution reshaped France with the fall of the Ancien Régime, the rise of the National Assembly, and the eventual ascent of Napoleon. Key events include the Estates-General meeting, the Tennis Court Oath, and the Storming of the Bastille, leading to the end of feudalism, the Reign of Terror, and the establishment of the French Republic.

The Beginnings of the French Revolution

The French Revolution, a pivotal era of radical social and political upheaval in France, began with the convocation of the Estates-General in May 1789 and ended with Napoleon Bonaparte's coup d'état on 18 Brumaire (November 9, 1799), which established the French Consulate. This period is celebrated for its profound impact on the development of modern democratic principles and its lasting effects on the political landscape of France. The Revolution's outbreak can be traced to a myriad of intertwined social, economic, and political issues that the Ancien Régime was ill-equipped to address. A dire financial crisis, exacerbated by social discontent, led to the calling of the Estates-General, which quickly transformed into the National Assembly in June. The iconic Storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, signaled the start of sweeping changes, including the dismantling of feudal privileges, the secularization of church property, and the establishment of fundamental rights through the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
French revolutionary scene with crowd armed with agricultural tools, woman with tricolor cockade, man on horseback and burning building.

The Turmoil of Power and the Overthrow of the Monarchy

The period following the Storming of the Bastille was marked by intense political conflict and economic challenges. The French Revolutionary Wars, initiated in April 1792, brought about military challenges and the August 10 insurrection, which led to the monarchy's downfall and the declaration of the First French Republic in September 1792. The execution of King Louis XVI in January 1793 escalated the political chaos. By June 1793, a further uprising resulted in the suspension of the existing constitution and the empowerment of the Committee of Public Safety, ushering in the Reign of Terror, during which an estimated 16,000 to 40,000 people were executed. The Reign of Terror was brought to a close with the Thermidorian Reaction in July 1794, and the subsequent establishment of the Directory in 1795. However, the Directory's governance was marked by corruption and inefficiency, setting the stage for Napoleon Bonaparte's coup d'état in 1799, which effectively concluded the revolutionary era.

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Estates-General significance

Convened May 1789, led to National Assembly formation, signaling start of Revolution.

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Storming of the Bastille importance

July 14, 1789 event symbolizing revolt against tyranny, sparked widespread change.

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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

Fundamental rights established in August 1789, cornerstone of French democracy.

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