Exploring the evolution of enzymes, this overview highlights their adaptability through genetic mutations and protein sequence divergence. It delves into the specificity of enzymes, their classification, and the impact of single amino acid changes on substrate affinity. The text also examines the industrial applications of enzymes, including their use in biofuels, detergents, food and beverage processing, molecular biology, and other industries, emphasizing the advancements in protein engineering to enhance enzymatic properties.
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1
Role of enzymes in biochemical reactions
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2
Gene duplication in enzyme evolution
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3
Non-duplication pathways for new enzymatic activities
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4
Divergence example: MAP vs. Creatinase
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5
Alterations in a single ______ can greatly affect an enzyme's ______ for its substrate, leading to new functions.
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6
______, which add a phosphate group to substrates, are crucial in ______ signaling and metabolism.
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7
The ability of enzymes to quickly adapt is demonstrated by their minor changes, which are significant for ______ and meeting new ______ challenges.
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8
Enzyme natural constraints
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9
Rational design in protein engineering
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10
Directed evolution technique
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11
In the production of ______, enzymes like cellulases are used to convert cellulose into ______.
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biofuel sugars
12
______ are utilized in the biofuel industry to assist with biomass ______ before ethanol production.
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Ligninases pretreatment
13
Enzymes in detergents, like ______, help remove stains from guar gum, commonly used as a ______ in foods.
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14
Enzymes are selected for their performance in ______ conditions and their compatibility with different ______ formulas.
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15
Enzymes in brewing
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16
Enzymes in meat and cheese production
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17
Enzymes in starch and juice processing
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18
Enzymes like xylanases are utilized in the ______ industry to bleach kraft pulp, minimizing the use of ______ chemicals.
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19
For contact lens hygiene, the ______ care industry uses proteases to remove protein deposits and prevent ______.
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20
Amylases play a vital role in starch processing by converting starch into ______ and syrup products.
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21
The broad industrial impact of enzymes is evident in their use for ______ chain reaction, a key method in ______ engineering.
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Biology
Understanding Enzyme Inhibitors and Their Role in Biological Systems
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Principles of Reversible Enzyme Inhibition
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Understanding Irreversible Enzyme Inhibitors
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Regulation of Enzymatic Activity
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