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The evolution of electromagnetic theory spans from the early observations of magnetism to the complex principles of quantum electrodynamics (QED). Key figures like James Clerk Maxwell and discoveries such as Earth's dynamo-generated magnetic field have shaped our understanding. Technological advancements and record-breaking magnetic fields further illustrate the impact of this scientific journey.
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Ancient civilizations were aware of magnetism
Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt
In 1269, Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt described the magnetic field on a spherical magnet's surface
William Gilbert
In 1600, William Gilbert proposed that Earth behaves like a giant magnet
Hans Christian Ørsted and André-Marie Ampère
In the 18th and 19th centuries, Hans Christian Ørsted and André-Marie Ampère made pivotal discoveries about the interaction between electricity and magnetism
In the 19th century, James Clerk Maxwell unified the fields of electricity, magnetism, and optics into a coherent theoretical framework
Quantum electrodynamics (QED) is a quantum theory of electromagnetic interactions that has surpassed previous semi-classical approaches
QED is a cornerstone of the Standard Model of particle physics, which unifies the fundamental forces of the universe
Earth's magnetic field is generated by the dynamo effect in the planet's liquid outer core
Earth's magnetic field is not static and exhibits fluctuations in intensity and periodic reversals
Dynamo theory provides a framework for understanding the complex processes that generate Earth's magnetic field
The development of the alternating-current (AC) motor by Nikola Tesla revolutionized the use of electricity
The Hall effect, discovered by Edwin Hall, is used to measure magnetic field strength and determine the nature of charge carriers in conductive materials
Magnetic circuits use the concept of magnetic vector potential to calculate magnetic flux and are crucial in the design of electromagnets and the study of magnetic materials' properties
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Significance of William Gilbert's proposal in 1600
Proposed Earth as a giant magnet, foundational to geomagnetism.
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Hans Christian Ørsted's discovery in 1820
Electric currents create magnetic fields, linking electricity and magnetism.
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André-Marie Ampère's contribution to electromagnetism
Studied current interactions, leading to Ampère's law and electrodynamics.
